Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (c. 801–873 AD), known as “the
Philosopher of the Arabs”, was a Muslim Arab philosopher, polymath, mathematician,
physician and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers,
and is unanimously hailed as the “father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy” for his
synthesis, adaptation and promotion of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy in the Muslim
world.
Al-Kindi was a descendant of the Kinda tribe. He was born in Basra and educated in
Baghdad. Al-Kindi became a prominent figure in the House of Wisdom, and a number
of Abbasid Caliphs appointed him to oversee the translation of Greek scientific and
philosophical texts into the Arabic language. This contact with “the philosophy of the
ancients” (as Greek philosophy was often referred to by Muslim scholars) had a
profound effect on his intellectual development, and led him to write hundreds of
original treatises of his own on a range of subjects ranging from metaphysics, ethics,
logic and psychology, to medicine, pharmacology, mathematics, astronomy, astrology
and optics, and further afield to more practical topics like perfumes, swords, jewels,
glass, dyes, zoology, tides, mirrors, meteorology and earthquakes. Source from:

Al-Kindi (Alkindus), 800-873 C.E.

http://www.unhas.ac.id › rhiza › arsip › saintis › kindi

Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwarizmi (c. 780 – c. 850 AD), formerly Latinized as
Algoritmi, was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and geographer during the
Abbasid Caliphate, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.
In the 12th century, Latin translations of his work on the Indian numerals introduced
the decimal positional number system to the Western world. Al-Khwarizmi’s The
Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing presented the first systematic
solution of linear and quadratic equations in Arabic. He is often considered one of the
fathers of algebra. He revised Ptolemy’s Geography and wrote on astronomy and
astrology.
Some words reflect the importance of al-Khwarizmi’s contributions to mathematics.
“Algebra” is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations he used to solve quadratic
equations. Algorism and algorithm stem from Algoritmi, the Latin form of his name.
His name is also the origin of (Spanish) guarismo and of (Portuguese) algarismo, both
meaning digit. Source from:

Al-Khwarizmi – The Father of Algebra – The Story of Mathematics

http://www.storyofmathematics.com › islamic_alkhwarizmi

Razi was born in the city of Rey situated on the Great Silk Road that for centuries
facilitated trade and cultural exchanges between East and West. His name Razi in
Persian means “from the city of Rey”, an ancient town called Ragha in old Persian or
Ragâ in old Bactrian. It is located on the southern slopes of the Alborz Range situated
near Tehran, Iran. Source from:

al-Razi Facts – Biography – YourDictionary

biography.yourdictionary.com › al-razi

Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham (c. 965 – c. 1040 AD), also known by
the Latinization Alhazen or Alhacen, was an Arab or Persian scientist, mathematician,
astronomer, and philosopher. Alhazen made significant contributions to the principles
of optics, astronomy, mathematics, meteorology, visual perception, and the scientific
method. He was the first to explain that vision occurs when light bounces on an object
and then is directed to one’s eyes. He spent most of his life close to the court of the
Fatimid Caliphate in Cairo and earned his living authoring various treatises and tutoring
members of the nobilities.
Alhazen is widely considered to be one of the first theoretical physicists, and an early
proponent of the concept that a hypothesis must be proved by experiments based on
confirmable procedures or mathematical evidence—hence understanding the scientific
method 200 years before Renaissance scientists.
In medieval Europe, Alhazen was honored as Ptolemaeus Secundus (the “Second
Ptolemy”) or simply called “The Physicist”. He is also sometimes called al-Baṣrī after
his birthplace Basra in Iraq, or al-Miṣrī (“of Egypt”). Source from:

Alhazen – Biography, Facts and Pictures – Famous Scientists

http://www.famousscientists.org › alhazen

THE END.

Thanks for reading hope you enjoyed!

~The nature girl

Forest glass is late Medieval glass produced in North-Western and Central Europe from
about 1000-1700 AD using wood ash and sand as the main raw materials and made in
factories known as glass-houses in forest areas. It is characterized by a variety of
greenish-yellow colours, the earlier products being often of crude design and poor
quality, and was used mainly for everyday vessels and increasingly for church stained
glass windows. Its composition and manufacture contrast sharply with Roman and preRoman glass making centred on the Mediterranean and contemporaneous Islamic
glass making to the east.

A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money, or simply a note) is a type of negotiable
instrument known as a promissory note, made by a bank, payable to the bearer on
demand. Banknotes were originally issued by commercial banks, who were legally
required to redeem the notes for legal tender (usually gold or silver coin) when
presented to the chief cashier of the originating bank. These commercial banknotes
only traded at face value in the market served by the issuing bank. Commercial
banknotes have primarily been replaced by national banknotes issued by central banks.
National banknotes are generally legal tender, meaning that medium of payment is
allowed by law or recognized by a legal system to be valid for meeting a financial
obligation. Historically, banks sought to ensure that they could always pay customers in
coins when they presented banknotes for payment. This practice of “backing” notes
with something of substance is the basis for the history of central banks backing their
currencies in gold or silver. Today, most national currencies have no backing in precious
metals or commodities and have value only by fiat. With the exception of non circulating high-value or precious metal issues, coins are used for lower valued monetary
units, while banknotes are used for higher values.
The idea of using a durable light-weight substance as evidence of a promise to pay a
bearer on demand originated in China during the Han Dynasty in 118 BC, and was
made of leather. The first known banknote was first developed in China during the
Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots were in merchant receipts
of deposit during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desired
to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions. During the
Yuan Dynasty, banknotes were adopted by the Mongol Empire. In Europe, the concept
of banknotes was first introduced during the 13th century by travellers such as Marco
Polo, with European banknotes appearing in 1661 in Sweden.

Hops are the flowers (also called seed cones or strobiles) of the hop plant Humulus
lupulus. They are used primarily as a flavoring and stability agent in beer, to which they
impart bitter, zesty, or citric flavors; though they are also used for various purposes in
other beverages and herbal medicine. The hop plant is a vigorous, climbing, herbaceous
perennial, usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield, hop garden
(nomenclature in the South of England), or hop yard (in the West Country and U.S.)
when grown commercially. Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers
around the world, with different types being used for particular styles of beer.
The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century, though Hildegard of
Bingen, 300 years later, is often cited as the earliest documented source. Before this
period, brewers used “gruit”, composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers,
including dandelion, burdock root, marigold, horehound (the old German name for
horehound, Berghopfen, means “mountain hops”), ground ivy, and heather. Early
documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of Charlemagne’s father, Pepin
III.
Hops are used extensively in brewing for their antibacterial effect that favors the activity
of brewer’s yeast over less desirable microorganisms and for many purported benefits,
including balancing the sweetness of the malt with bitterness, contributing a variety of
desirable flavours and aromas. Historically, traditional herb combinations for beers were
believed to have been abandoned when beers made with hops were noticed to be less
prone to spoilage.

Gunpowder, also known as black powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It
is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpeter). The sulfur and
charcoal act as fuels, and the saltpeter is an oxidizer. Because of its burning properties
and the amount of heat and gas volume that it generates, gunpowder has been widely
used as a propellant in firearms and as a pyrotechnic composition in fireworks.
Formulations used in blasting rock (such as in quarrying) are called blasting powder.
Gunpowder is mainly used in older guns now because the propellants used today are
too powerful and could break the already fragile barrels.
Gunpowder was invented in the 9th century in China, and the earliest record of a
written formula for gunpowder appears in the 11th century Song dynasty text, Wujing
Zongyao. This discovery led to the invention of fireworks and the earliest gunpowder
weapons in China. In the centuries following the Chinese discovery, gunpowder
weapons began appearing in the Muslim world, Europe, and India. The technology
spread from China through the Middle East or Central Asia, and then into Europe. The
earliest Western accounts of gunpowder appear in texts written by English philosopher
Roger Bacon in the 13th century

THE END.

Hope you enjoyed!

~The puppy girl

Today I started from not quite the start of my Science course but close and I started at the bird study if you were wondering why I did it in that order it is because we had a gerbil but it died because we found it in the sump pump hole where all our water flows and the fur on the gerbil was all removed and we need it to do observations about it.

And here is a picture of a light brown gerbil:

Ok so on to the birds.

So we all know that bird can go from boring and lame to awesome and colourful like you see on this won it’s colourful! Yay!!!

Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) ostrich. There are about ten thousand living species, more than half of which are passerine, or “perching” birds. Birds have wings whose development varies according to species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moa and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, gave birds the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to the loss of flight in some birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly seabirds and some waterbirds, have further evolved for swimming.

That’s all, hope you enjoyed!

The puppy girl

An hourglass (or sandglass, sand timer, sand watch, or sand clock) is a mechanical
device used to measure the passage of time. It comprises two glass bulbs connected
vertically by a narrow neck that allows a regulated trickle of material (historically sand)
from the upper bulb to the lower one. Factors affecting the time interval measured
include the sand quantity, the sand coarseness, the bulb size, and the neck width.
Hourglasses may be reused indefinitely by inverting the bulbs once the upper bulb is
empty.
HISTORY
Antiquity
The origin of the hourglass is unclear. Its predecessor the clepsydra, or water clock, may
have been invented in ancient Egypt. According to the American Institute of New
York, the clepsammia or sand-glass was invented at Alexandria about 150 BC.
According to the Journal of the British Archaeological Association the so-called
clepsammia were in use before the time of St. Jerome (335 AD), and the first
representation of an hourglass is in a sarcophagus dated c. 350 AD, representing the
wedding of Peleus and Thetis, discovered in Rome in the 18th century, and studied by
Winckelmann in the 19th century, who remarked the hourglass held by Morpheus in
his hands.

A horseshoe is a fabricated product, normally made of metal, although sometimes made
partially or wholly of modern synthetic materials, designed to protect a horse’s hoof
from wear. Shoes are attached on the palmar surface of the hooves, usually nailed
through the insensitive hoof wall that is anatomically akin to the human toenail,
although much larger and thicker. However, there are many cases where shoes are
glued.
The fitting of horseshoes is a professional occupation, conducted by a farrier, who
specializes in the preparation of feet, assessing potential lameness issues, and fitting
appropriate shoes, including remedial features where required. In some countries, such
as the United Kingdom, horseshoeing is legally restricted to only people with specific
qualifications and experience. In others, such as the United States, where professional
licensing is not legally required, professional organizations provide certification
programs that publicly identify qualified individuals.
Horseshoes are available in a wide variety of materials and styles, developed for
different types of horse and for the work they do. The most common materials are steel
and aluminum, but specialized shoes may include use of rubber, plastic, magnesium,
titanium, or copper. Steel tends to be preferred in sports where a strong, long-wearing
shoe is needed, such as polo, eventing, show jumping, and western riding events.
Aluminum shoes are lighter, making them common in horse racing, where a lighter
shoe is desired; and often facilitate certain types of movement, and so are favored in
the discipline of dressage. Some horseshoes have “caulkins”, “caulks”, or “calks”:
protrusions at the toe or heels of the shoe, or both, to provide additional traction.

A horse collar is a part of a horse harness that is used to distribute the load around a
horse’s neck and shoulders when pulling a wagon or plough. The collar often supports
and pads a pair of curved metal or wood pieces, called hames, to which the traces of
the harness are attached. The collar allows the horse to use its full strength when pulling,
essentially enabling the horse to push forward with its hindquarters into the collar. If
wearing a yoke or a breastcollar, it had to pull with its less-powerful shoulders. The
collar had another advantage over the yoke as it reduced pressure on the horse’s
windpipe.
From the time of the invention of the horse collar, horses became more valuable for
plowing and pulling. When the horse was harnessed in the collar, the horse could apply
50% more power to a task in a given time period than could an ox, due to the horse’s
greater speed. Additionally, horses generally have greater endurance than oxen, and thus
can work more hours each day. The importance and value of horses as a resource for
improving agricultural production increased accordingly.
The horse collar was very important to the development of many areas of the world.
Wherever oxen were used and could be replaced with horses, the use of horses boosted
economies, and reduced reliance on subsistence farming. This allowed people more free
time to take on specialized activities, and consequently to the development of early
industry, education, and the arts in the rise of market-based towns.

The Arabic numeral system is the most common system for writing numbers in the
world. It was invented between the 1st and 4th centuries by Indian mathematicians.
Persian and Arabic mathematicians called the numbers used in this system “Hindu
numerals.” In this case the word “Hindu” was being used to mean “from India” and
was not specifically a reference to the Hindu religion. In Europe they came to be called
“Arabic numerals” because they were introduced to the West by Arab merchants.
The system is based upon ten different symbols called “glyphs”. The glyphs are
descended from Brahmi numerals and have split into several variants since the Middle
Ages.
There are several attributes of the Arabic Numeral system that make it a superior tool
for doing math than the systems that came before it. Several of those systems will be
discussed later in the reading.
One of these attributes is the place-value system or positional notation which is a way
of representing numbers. Positional notation is different from other notations because
it uses the same symbol for the different orders of magnitude (for example, the “ones
place”, “tens place”, “hundreds place”). This made arithmetic much simpler, which lead
to the rapid spread of positional notation across the world. The positional decimal
system was invented during the period of the Gupta Empire which lasted from 320-
550 AD. The Bakhshali Manuscript is a source showing the use of the place-value
system and it was written in 400 AD at the very latest.
Another attribute is the use of the mathematical concept “zero.” Around 500 AD, the
Indian astronomer Aryabhata uses the word kha (“emptiness”) to mark “zero.” The 7th
century Indian writing, Brahmasphuta Siddhanta, contains an understanding of the
mathematical role of zero that was ahead of its time. The Sanskrit translation of the lost
5th century Prakrit Jaina cosmological text Lokavibhaga may preserve an early instance
of the use of zero. The first dated and undisputed inscription showing the use of a
symbol for zero appears on a stone inscription found at the Chaturbhuja Temple at
Gwalior in India, dated 876 AD.
2
These Indian developments were used in Islamic mathematics in the 8th century, as
recorded in al-Qifti’s Chronology of the scholars (early 13th century).
In 10th century Islamic mathematics, the system was extended to include fractions, as
recorded in a treatise by Syrian mathematician Abu’l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi in 952–953 AD.
The Arabic Numeral System is still used worldwide today.

THE END.

Hope you enjoyed.

The puppy girl

Please follow Madame C because her real name is Carmen and she is my ant and she only has 3 followers so please like her two posts and also follow her please and here is the link to follow her: Madame C.

Thanks!

The puppy girl

So for my 30th history essay, Mr. John Livingston’s topic was: The compass didn’t have the same effect in China that it did in Europe almost immediately. How were the two cultures different, and how did that influence the way the two different civilizations used the compass? So my answer for the first question is China and Europe did not have the same Idea about the compass.

The compass was invented in China during the Han Dynasty between the 2nd century
BC and 1st century AD, where it was called the “south-governor”. The magnetic
compass was not, at first, used for navigation, but for geomancy and fortune-telling by
the Chinese. The earliest Chinese magnetic compasses were possibly used to order and

2 harmonize buildings in accordance with the geomantic principles of Feng Shui. These
early compasses were made with lodestone, a form of the mineral magnetite that is a
naturally-occurring magnet and aligns itself with the Earth’s magnetic field. People in
ancient China discovered that if a lodestone was suspended so it could turn freely, it
would always point toward the magnetic poles. Early compasses were used to choose
areas suitable for building houses and to search for rare gems. Compasses were later
adapted for navigation during the Song Dynasty in the 11th century.

I forgot to put this at the front of this post but here it is right now:)

I know that was supposed to be at the start but it looks good over here where I put it.

That’s all for now, hope you enjoyed!

The puppy girl

Yay 😃 20 followers I am soooooo happy and so my first 20 followers are happy you can follow them!

Here is the link to my 20th follower’s blog:https://taikinblog.com/

And here is the link to my other 19 followers:

http://miasblog961204944.wordpress.com/

http://schoolfarmhome.wordpress.com/

http://fernsblog80597915.wordpress.com/

https://mydaz.blog/

https://brotherscampfire.com/

http://essaysofadreamer.wordpress.com/